FACILITIES LAYOUT DESIGN AND FACILITIES LOCATION
FACILITIES LAYOUT DESIGN
REFERS TO THE ARRANGEMENT OF ALL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND FURNISHINGS WITHIN A
BUILDING ENVELOPE AFTER CONSIDERING THE VARIOUS OBJECTIVES OF THE FACILITY. THE
LAYOUT CONSISTS OF PRODUCTION AREAS, SUPPORT AREAS, AND THE PERSONNEL AREAS IN
THE BUILDING (TOMPKINS, J. A., ET AL., FACILITY PLANNING, SECOND
EDITION, JOHN WILEY & SONS, NY, 1996).
NEED OF FACILITIES LAYOUT
DESIGN
THE NEED FOR FACILITIES
LAYOUT DESIGN ARISES BOTH IN THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING A NEW LAYOUT AND IN
REDESIGNING AN EXISTING LAYOUT. THE NEED IN THE FORMER CASE IS OBVIOUS BUT IN
THE LATTER CASE IT IS BECAUSE OF MANY DEVELOPMENTS AS WELL AS MANY PROBLEMS
WITH IN THE FACILITY SUCH AS CHANGE IN THE PRODUCT DESIGN, OBSOLESCENCE OF
EXISTING FACILITIES, CHANGE IN DEMAND, FREQUENT ACCIDENTS, MORE SCRAP AND
REWORK, MARKET SHIFT, INTRODUCTION OF A NEW PRODUCT ETC.
OBJECTIVES OF FACILITIES
LAYOUT DESIGN
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF A
TYPICAL FACILITY LAYOUT INCLUDE:
(1) OVERALL INTEGRATION AND
EFFECTIVE USE OF MAN, MACHINE, MATERIAL, AND SUPPORTING SERVICES,
(2) MINIMIZATION OF
MATERIAL HANDLING COST BY SUITABLY PLACING THE FACILITIES IN THE BEST POSSIBLE
WAY,
(3) BETTER SUPERVISION AND
CONTROL,
(4) EMPLOYEE'S CONVENIENCE,
SAFETY, IMPROVED MORALE AND BETTER WORKING ENVIRONMENT,
(5) HIGHER FLEXIBILITY AND
ADAPTABILITY TO CHANGING CONDITIONS AND
(6) WASTE MINIMIZATION AND
HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY.
TYPES OF LAYOUT
THE BASIC TYPES OF LAYOUTS
ARE:
- PRODUCT LAYOUT
- PROCESS LAYOUT
- FIXED POSITION LAYOUT
- CELLULAR LAYOUT
PRODUCT LAYOUT
THIS TYPE OF LAYOUT IS
GENERALLY USED IN SYSTEMS WHERE A PRODUCT HAS TO BE MANUFACTURED OR ASSEMBLED
IN LARGE QUANTITIES. IN PRODUCT LAYOUT THE MACHINERY AND AUXILIARY SERVICES ARE
LOCATED ACCORDING TO THE PROCESSING SEQUENCE OF THE PRODUCT WITHOUT ANY BUFFER
STORAGE WITHIN THE LINE ITSELF.
PROCESS LAYOUT
IN A PROCESS LAYOUT, (ALSO
REFERRED TO AS A JOB SHOP LAYOUT) SIMILAR MACHINES AND SERVICES ARE LOCATED
TOGETHER. THEREFORE, IN A PROCESS TYPE OF LAYOUT ALL DRILLS ARE LOCATED IN ONE
AREA OF THE LAYOUT AND ALL MILLING MACHINES ARE LOCATED IN ANOTHER AREA. A
MANUFACTURING EXAMPLE OF A PROCESS LAYOUT IS A MACHINE SHOP. PROCESS LAYOUTS
ARE ALSO QUITE COMMON IN NON-MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENTS. EXAMPLES INCLUDE
HOSPITALS, COLLEGES, BANKS, AUTO REPAIR SHOPS, AND PUBLIC LIBRARIES (MUTHER, R, SYSTEMATIC
LAYOUT PLANNING, SECOND EDITION, CBI PUBLISHING COMPANY,
INC. BOSTON, 1973).
FIXED LOCATION LAYOUT
IN THIS TYPE OF LAYOUT, THE
PRODUCT IS KEPT AT A FIXED POSITION AND ALL OTHER MATERIAL; COMPONENTS, TOOLS,
MACHINES, WORKERS, ETC. ARE BROUGHT AND ARRANGED AROUND IT. THEN ASSEMBLY OR
FABRICATION IS CARRIED OUT. THE LAYOUT OF THE FIXED MATERIAL LOCATION DEPARTMENT
INVOLVES THE SEQUENCING AND PLACEMENT OF WORKSTATIONS AROUND THE MATERIAL OR
PRODUCT. IT IS USED IN AIRCRAFT ASSEMBLY, SHIPBUILDING, AND MOST CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS. A PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A FIXED LOCATION TYPE OF LAYOUT IS
GIVEN IN FIGURE 3. THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ARE DETAILED IN TABLE 3.
REFERENCES: - www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/
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